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NEW QUESTION # 66
Which one of the statements regarding the Frame Control field in an 802.11 MAC header is true?
- A. Only Control frames have a Frame Control field
- B. The Frame Control field is always set to 0
- C. The Frame Control field is used to communicate the duration value
- D. The Frame Control field contains subfields, and soma in 1-bit flags
Answer: D
Explanation:
The statement that the Frame Control field contains subfields, and some 1-bit flags is true. The Frame Control field is a 2-byte field in the MAC header that contains information about the type, subtype, and characteristics of a frame. The Frame Control field is divided into several subfields, each with a specific function and length.
Some of these subfields are 1-bit flags, which can be set to 0 or 1 to indicate a certain condition or status. For example, the To DS and From DS subfields are 1-bit flags that indicate whether a frame is destined for or originated from the DS (Distribution System). The other statements are not true, as they do not describe the Frame Control field correctly. All types of frames (management, control, and data) have a Frame Control field, not just control frames. The Frame Control field is not used to communicate the duration value, which is a separate field in the MAC header. The Frame Control field is not always set to 0, as it varies depending on the type, subtype, and characteristics of each frame. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 113-114
NEW QUESTION # 67
How is the length of an AIFS calculated?
- A. DIFS + SIFS + AIFSN
- B. SIFS + AIFS * Time Unit
- C. AIFSN * Slot Time + SIFS
- D. SIFS * Slot Time + AIFSN
Answer: C
Explanation:
The length of an AIFS (Arbitration Interframe Space) is calculated by multiplying the AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number) by the Slot Time and adding the SIFS (Short Interframe Space). An AIFS is a variable interframe space introduced by 802.11e to help prioritize medium access for different Access Categories (ACs). An AC is a logical queue that corresponds to a QoS (Quality of Service) level for different types of traffic. Each AC has a different AIFSN value, which determines how long it has to wait before attempting to access the medium. A lower AIFSN value means a higher priority and a shorter waiting time.
The Slot Time is a fixed value that depends on the PHY type and channel width. The SIFS is the shortest interframe space that is used for high-priority transmissions, such as ACKs or CTSs. The formula for calculating the AIFS length is: AIFS = AIFSN * Slot Time + SIFS. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page 194-195
NEW QUESTION # 68
802.11k Neighbor Requests and Neighbor Reports are sent in what type of Management Frames?
- A. Reassociation Request and Reassociation Response
- B. Beacon
- C. Action
- D. RRM
Answer: C
Explanation:
802.11k Neighbor Requests and Neighbor Reports are sent in Action frames. An Action frame is a Management frame that is used to perform various operations or functions related to the operation or maintenance of a wireless network. An Action frame consists of a Category field that indicates the type of action being performed, and a variable-length Action Details field that contains specific information related to the action. For example, an Action frame with a Category field value of 5 indicates a Radio Measurement action, and the Action Details field may contain a Neighbor Request or a Neighbor Report subelement .
References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6:
MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 207; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 208; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 434.
NEW QUESTION # 69
While troubleshooting DHCP issues, you perform a protocol capture in order to determine if the DNCP pool is depleted. The capture does not show DHCPnak messages.
Where else could you look to determine if the pool is depleted?
- A. AP logs
- B. DHCP server logs
- C. Switch logs
- D. Spectrum analyzer
Answer: B
Explanation:
A very common problem for WLANs is DHCP pool depletion. This occurs because many wireless clients come-and-go from the network quickly. If a client connects for only two or three minutes and the lease duration is set to multiple days (3-8 days is not uncommon), the IP address will be lost for that entire time. To resolve such issues, create more pools and reduce the lease duration to hours instead of days. Look for DHCP negative acknowledgement or server log errors to determine if the IP pool is depleted.
NEW QUESTION # 70
Given: Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) can cause frame corruption and poor performance in WLANs.
You are using a protocol analyzer in the attempt to detect ACI.
What should you look for in such a scenario?
- A. Look for frames with a low signal strength value in the radio tap header
- B. Capture on the channel you think may be impacted by ACI and see if any frames are captured from adjacent channels
- C. Look at Retry counts
- D. Look at CRC errors
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 71
Given a protocol analyzer can decrypt WPA2-PSK data packets providing the PSK and SSID are configured in the analyzer software. When performing packet capture (in a non-FT environment) which frames are required in order for PSK frame decryption to be possible?
- A. Probe Response
- B. 4-Way Handshake
- C. Authentication
- D. Reassociation
Answer: B
Explanation:
The 4-way handshake is the process that establishes the pairwise transient key (PTK) between the client and the AP in WPA2-PSK. The PTK is derived from the PSK, the SSID, and some random numbers exchanged in the handshake frames. The PTK is used to encrypt and decrypt the data frames between the client and the AP. Therefore, in order to decrypt WPA2-PSK data packets, a protocol analyzer needs to capture the 4-way handshake frames and have the PSK and SSID configured in the analyzer software12 References:
* CWAP-405Study Guide, Chapter 3: 802.11 MAC Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 87
* CWAP-405Objectives, Section 3.5: Analyze security exchanges
NEW QUESTION # 72
The manager in the security group is concerned about compliance with security policies on the WLAN. The budget is not available for a full WIPS SOLUTION. He has asked you to implement a process that will verify compliance.
What would you recommend in such a scenario?
- A. Implement AP-based sensors throughout the facility and then monitor for performance issues with these sensors
- B. Use a laptop-based protocol analyzer that provides compliance reporting to monitor the environment on a periodic basis
- C. Simplify enable 802.11w, which will enforce management frame compliance
- D. Use the built-in spectrum analyzer features of the APs to ensure that WPA2-Enterprise is implemented throughout the organization
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 73
You want to simplify viewing frames of a particular type in Wireshark.
What is used to specify frames for colorization?
- A. Custom code must be written and the binaries recompiled
- B. A scripting language is available to modify the code before recompilation
- C. Automated protocol analysis is used and no additional options may be specified
- D. Filters are used to define the frames that should be colorized
Answer: D
Explanation:
Protocol analyzers also support highlighting or colorization and filtering. The highlighting feature allows you to define colors for packets or frames matching particular criteria. It allows those frames to stand out as you browse through the captured frames
NEW QUESTION # 74
You have been asked to recommend a protocol analysis solution that uses open source software and works with the Linux platform. It must provide decoding of 802.11ac frames and minimal support for reporting and statistics.
What solution would you recommend?
- A. OmniPeek
- B. CommView for Wi-Fi
- C. Wi-Fi Analyzer Pro
- D. Wireshark
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 75
When performing protocol analysis, you notice a high number of RTS/CTS frames being transmitted on an HT network. You suspect this may be due to HT protection mechanisms. Where in the Beacon frame would you look to determine which one of the four HT protection modes the AP is operating in?
- A. HT Protection Element
- B. HT Information Element
- C. HT Operation Element
- D. Non-HT Present Element
Answer: B
Explanation:
When performing protocol analysis, you would look at the HT Information Element in the Beacon frame to determine which one of the four HT protection modes the AP is operating in. The HT Information Element contains various subfields that provide information about the HT network configuration and operation. One of these subfields is the HT Protection field, which indicates whether any protection mechanisms are required for mixed-mode operation with non-HT STAs. The four possible values for this field are:
* No Protection: No protection mechanisms are required.
* Non-member Protection: RTS/CTS or CTS-to-self protection is required for all HT transmissions.
* 20 MHz Protection: RTS/CTS or CTS-to-self protection is required for all HT transmissions using a 40 MHz channel.
* Non-HT Mixed Mode: All HT transmissions must use a non-HT preamble and header . References:
CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n
/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 378; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 379.
NEW QUESTION # 76
In which element of a Beacon frame would you look to identity the current HT protection mode in which an AP is operating?
- A. HT Capabilities Element
- B. HT Protection Element
- C. ERP Information Element
- D. HT Operations Element
Answer: D
Explanation:
The HT protection mode in which an AP is operating can be identified by looking at the HT Operations element in a Beacon frame. The HT Operations element is a part of the Beacon frame that contains information about the High Throughput (HT) capabilities and operation of an 802.11n BSS. The HT Operations element has a field called HT Protection, which indicates how the BSS protects its HT transmissions from interference or collisions with non-HT devices or BSSs. The HT Protection field can have four values: No Protection, Nonmember Protection, 20 MHz Protection, or Non-HT Mixed Mode. The other options are not correct, as they do not contain information about the HT protection mode. The HT Protection element does not exist, the ERP Information element is used for Extended Rate PHY (ERP) protection mode for 802.11g devices, and the HT Capabilities element is used for indicating the supported HT features of an individual device. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 125-126
NEW QUESTION # 77
Which one of the following portions of information is communicated by bits in the PHY Header?
- A. Data rate
- B. SNR
- C. Signal strength
- D. Noise
Answer: A
Explanation:
One of the information that is communicated by bits in the PHY header is data rate. Data rate is the speed at which data is transmitted or received over the wireless medium. Data rate depends on factors such as modulation, coding, channel width, spatial streams, and guard interval. Data rate is indicated by bits in different fields of the PHY header, depending on the type of PPDU (e.g., OFDM, HT, VHT, HE). The receiver uses these bits to determine how to decode and demodulate the rest of the PPDU. The other options are not correct, as they are not communicated by bits in the PHY header. SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), noise, and signal strength are measured by the receiver based on its own capabilities and environment. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 101-105
NEW QUESTION # 78
You work as an SE for a value-added reseller. A client has an existing deployment of 802.11n Aps and wants to upgrade several BSSs to 802.11ac.
What hardware feature of some enterprise Aps may allow for this without a forklift upgrade?
- A. Simply check the Enable 802.11ac checkbox in the web-based configuration interface
- B. Adding an 802.11ac module to the existing APs
- C. Converting the 802.11n radio to an 802.11ac radio through software
- D. Replace the antennas with 802.11ac antennas
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 79
When evaluating modulation and coding schemes, you must determine the best coding rate available. In
802.11 MCS tables, what is the best coding rate from the perspective of highest data rates?
- A. 2/3
- B. 1/2
- C. 3/4
- D. 5/6
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 80
Finish the statement:
It is possible to distinguish between_______22 MHz transmissions and________20 MHz transmissions when looking at an FFT plot.
- A. ERP and VHT
- B. HT and VHT
- C. OFDM and HT
- D. HR/DSSS and ERP
Answer: C
Explanation:
It is possible to distinguish between OFDM 20 MHz transmissions and HT 20 MHz transmissions when looking at an FFT plot. OFDM and HT are two different modulation schemes used by 802.11 WLANs.
OFDM is used by legacy 802.11a/g devices, while HT is used by newer 802.11n/ac devices. OFDM and HT have different spectral characteristics that can be observed on an FFT plot. OFDM transmissions have a flat spectrum with sharp edges, while HT transmissions have a tapered spectrum with rounded edges. This is because HT uses guard intervals and cyclic prefixes to reduce inter-symbol interference and improve performance. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe different modulation schemes or channel widths that can be distinguished on an FFT plot. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 70-71
NEW QUESTION # 81
You need to determine RF activity over time in a spectrum analyzer. It is to be able to see the activity and the amplitude of that activity.
What kind of view should be used?
- A. Real-time FFT
- B. Channel listing
- C. Device listing
- D. Swept spectrogram
Answer: D
Explanation:
The FFT shows spectral activity in the frequency domain, while waterfall or swept spectrogram views attempt to represent RF activity over time
NEW QUESTION # 82
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